Consonants - Eachdraidh nam mùthaidhean

Akerbeltz 15:19, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016

2016-01-16T15:19:16Z

Susanharris 03:58, 14 dhen Lùnastal 2013

2013-08-14T03:58:17Z

Susanharris: /* B sounds */

2013-08-14T03:17:24Z

B sounds

Susanharris: /* B sounds */

2013-08-14T03:10:11Z

B sounds

Susanharris: /* Broad and slender pairs */

2013-08-14T03:06:23Z

Broad and slender pairs

Susanharris: /* F sounds */

2013-08-14T00:32:11Z

F sounds

Susanharris 08:14, 13 dhen Lùnastal 2013

2013-08-13T08:14:40Z

Susanharris 07:35, 13 dhen Lùnastal 2013

2013-08-13T07:35:51Z

Susanharris 07:34, 13 dhen Lùnastal 2013

2013-08-13T07:34:18Z

Akerbeltz 14:50, 18 dhen Dùbhlachd 2011

2011-12-18T14:50:21Z

@@ Loidhne 3: / Loidhne 3: @@
 ==Broad and slender pairs==
 For every broad consonant, there's a corresponding narrow consonant; so, we may speak of a broad and slender <span style="color: #008000;">s, d</span>, and so on.  Listen to the difference between:
+[[File:consonants01.mp3]]<br />
 {| style="width: 70%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 48: / Loidhne 47: @@
 ==B sounds==
-[[File:Consonants02.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants02.mp3]]<br />
 Broad b is like the ''p'' in ''spit'' or ''sport''.
@@ Loidhne 99: / Loidhne 98: @@
 ==D sounds==
-[[File:Consonants03.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants03.mp3]]<br />
 Broad d is close to <t> as in <start> or <stuck>.
@@ Loidhne 149: / Loidhne 148: @@
 ==G sounds==
-[[File:consonants04.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants04.mp3]]<br />
 Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.
@@ Loidhne 197: / Loidhne 196: @@
 ==P sounds==
-[[File:consonants05.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants05.mp3]]<br />
 Broad p is like the <p> in <pad> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, we'd write [pʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 239: / Loidhne 238: @@
 ==T sounds==
-[[File:consonants06.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants06.mp3]]<br />
 Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word, but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  This sound is also aspirated, so in pure IPA we'd write [t̪ʰ].
@@ Loidhne 286: / Loidhne 285: @@
 ==C sounds==
-[[File:consonants07.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants07.mp3]]<br />
 Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, [kʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 334: / Loidhne 333: @@
 ==M sounds==
-[[File:consonants08.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants08.mp3]]<br />
 Broad m is exactly like <m> in <mat>.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 362: / Loidhne 361: @@
 ==F sounds==
-[[File:consonants09.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants09.mp3]]<br />
 Broad f is like <f> in <fat>.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 388: / Loidhne 387: @@
 ==S sounds==
-[[File:consonants10.ogg|noicon|90px]]
+[[File:consonants10.mp3]]<br />
 Broad ''s'' is a bit like ''s'' in ''sat'', but dental. In pure IPA, [s̪].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"

@@ Loidhne 45: / Loidhne 45: @@
 In some cases, the pronunciation of the broad consonants is similar to their English counterparts, but there are many differences.  In Gaelic, the pronunciation of <span style="color: #008000;">l n r</span> is radically different and their pronunciation is treated in a special section, although some of the sound files are located on this page.
-The only accurate guide to the pronunciation of these sounds is the IPA representation. Ideally, you should use these guides in conjunction with the help of a native speaker. But, even without such help, the IPA gives a very good guide to the pronunciation.  Don't shun it - it's a tool especially designed by professionals as a pronunciation guide, and a complete IPA chart offers an accurate representation of the sounds of the world's languages.  See also our [[Rough Guide to the IPA]].
+The only accurate guide to the pronunciation of these sounds is the IPA representation. Ideally, you should use these guides in conjunction with the help of a native speaker. But, even without such help, the IPA gives a very good guide to pronunciation.  Don't shun it - it's a tool especially designed by professionals as a pronunciation guide, and a complete IPA chart offers an accurate representation of the sounds of the world's languages.  See also our [[Rough Guide to the IPA]].
 ==B sounds==
@@ Loidhne 102: / Loidhne 102: @@
 Broad d is close to <t> as in <start> or <stuck>.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The full IPA symbol is [d̪̊] or [t̪].
+This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The full IPA symbol is [d̪̊] or [t̪].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 152: / Loidhne 152: @@
 Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced, so the pure IPA symbol would be [g̊] or [k].
+This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced, so the pure IPA symbol would be [g̊] or [k].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 176: / Loidhne 176: @@
 Slender g is somewhat similar to the <g> in <argue>.
-This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate). It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, [g̊ʲ] or [kʲ].
+This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth, at your palate. It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, [g̊ʲ] or [kʲ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 231: / Loidhne 231: @@
 |}
-Like <p> in <pea> preceded by <h> otherwise in a stressed syllable.
+Like <p> in <pea> preceded by <h>, in all other positions, in a stressed syllable.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 274: / Loidhne 274: @@
 |}
-Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h> otherwise but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. [ʰtʲ] in full IPA.
+Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h>, but in all other positions it's unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. [ʰtʲ] in full IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 298: / Loidhne 298: @@
 |}
-Like <c> in <cat> preceded by [x] otherwise. [xk] in pure IPA.
+Like <c> in <cat> but in all other positions preceded by [x], [xk] in pure IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 322: / Loidhne 322: @@
 |}
-Similar to the <c> in <cue> otherwise but pre-aspirated. It is a voiceless and pre-aspirated, palatalised stop.
+Similar to the <c> in <cue>, but pre-aspirated in all other positions. It's a voiceless and pre-aspirated, palatalised stop.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-

@@ Loidhne 51: / Loidhne 51: @@
 Broad b is like the ''p'' in ''spit'' or ''sport''.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated bilabial stop.  [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]]Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
+This is a devoiced and [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]] bilabial stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"

@@ Loidhne 51: / Loidhne 51: @@
 Broad b is like the ''p'' in ''spit'' or ''sport''.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated bilabial stop.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
+This is a devoiced and unaspirated bilabial stop.  [[The_fog_of_terminology#aspiration|unaspirated]]Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it's voiced, if there is no vibration, it's devoiced. The hardcore IPA transcription is [b̊] or [p].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"

@@ Loidhne 23: / Loidhne 23: @@
 |}
-Note that d and t are dental sounds in Gaelic (i.e. the tongue touches the teeth).
+Note that broad d and broad t are dental sounds in Gaelic (i.e. the tongue touches the teeth).
 ==How does the spelling show broad and slender?==

@@ Loidhne 383: / Loidhne 383: @@
 | '''[fjuː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fiù'''</span> || even
 |-
-| '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''miùg'''</span> || expectation
+| '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fiughair'''</span> || expectation
 |-
 |}

@@ Loidhne 26: / Loidhne 26: @@
 ==How does the spelling show broad and slender?==
-A consonant is broad if it is preceded or followed by any of the broad vowels <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span>, short or long, and a consonant is slender if it is preceded or followed by any of the slender vowels <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span>, short or long.  Therefore, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span> indicates that a consonant is broad.  Similarly, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span> indicates that a consonant is slender.  Since a consonant can not be both broad and slender, vowels on both sides of a consonant must be in accord as to their broad or slender colouring.  This is sometimes stated as a rule:
+A consonant is broad if it's preceded or followed by any of the broad vowels <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span>, short or long, and a consonant is slender if it's preceded or followed by any of the slender vowels <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span>, short or long.  Therefore, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">a o u</span> indicates that a consonant is broad.  Similarly, a consonant preceding or following <span style="color: #008000;">i e</span> indicates that a consonant is slender.  Since a consonant can not be both broad and slender, vowels on both sides of a consonant must be in accord as to their broad or slender colouring.  This is sometimes stated as a rule:
   <span style="color: #008000;">caol ri caol is leathann ri leathann</span>
   slender with slender and broad with broad

@@ Loidhne 79: / Loidhne 79: @@
 |}
-Slender b is pronounced similarly to broad b, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> if following a [[back vowel]].
+Slender b is pronounced similarly to broad b, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> if followed by a [[back vowel]]. The hardcore IPA symbol for this is [b̊j].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 102: / Loidhne 102: @@
 Broad d is close to <t> in <start> or <stuck>.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated dental stop.  Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced.
+This is a devoiced and unaspirated dental stop. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating.  You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced. The full IPA symbol is [d̪̊] or [t̪].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 128: / Loidhne 128: @@
 Slender d is somewhat similar to <j> in <judge>, but devoiced.
-This is both devoiced and dental. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip and with less lip rounding.
+This is both devoiced and dental. Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip and with less lip rounding. In full IPA, we'd write [d̊ʲ] or [tʲ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 152: / Loidhne 152: @@
 Broad g is like the <k> or <c> in <skunk> or <scorn>.
-This is a devoiced and unaspirated stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced.
+This is a devoiced and unaspirated stop. Devoiced means that your vocal chords are not vibrating. You can check this by putting your hand on your throat - if you feel vibration, it is voiced, if there is no vibration, it is devoiced, so the pure IPA symbol would be [g̊] or [k].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 176: / Loidhne 176: @@
 Slender g is a little similar to the <g> in <argue>.
-This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate). It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop.
+This sound is very much like [g] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate). It is a devoiced and unaspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, [g̊ʲ] or [kʲ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 198: / Loidhne 198: @@
 ==P sounds==
 [[File:consonants05.ogg|noicon|90px]]
-Broad p is like <p> in <pad> at the beginning of a word.
+Broad p is like <p> in <pad> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, we'd write [pʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 209: / Loidhne 209: @@
 |}
-Like <p> in <pad> preceded by <h> otherwise.  Pre-aspirated in a stressed syllable.
+Like <p> in <pad> preceded by <h> otherwise.  Pre-aspirated in a stressed syllable. In full IPA this would be [ʰp].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 220: / Loidhne 220: @@
 |}
-Slender p is pronounced like broad <p>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> after a back vowel.
+Slender p is pronounced like broad <p>, but is accompanied by a /j/ sound like the <y> in <yes> after a back vowel. [pʰj] in full IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 240: / Loidhne 240: @@
 ==T sounds==
 [[File:consonants06.ogg|noicon|90px]]
-Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  This sound is also aspirated.
+Broad t is somewhat like <t> in <tap> at the beginning of a word but dental. Dental means that the tip of your tongue touches your teeth.  This sound is also aspirated, so in pure IPA we'd write [t̪ʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
@@ Loidhne 252: / Loidhne 252: @@
 |}
-Like <t> in <tap> preceded by <h> otherwise but dental. This sound is also pre-aspirated.
+Like <t> in <tap> preceded by <h> otherwise but dental. This sound is also pre-aspirated, [ʰt̪] in full IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 263: / Loidhne 263: @@
 |}
-Slender t is somewhat similar to <c> in <chew> at the beginning of words but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip.
+Slender t is somewhat similar to <c> in <chew> at the beginning of words but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. Pure IPA writes this as [tʲʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 274: / Loidhne 274: @@
 |}
-Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h> otherwise but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip.
+Similar to <j> in <judge> preceded by <h> otherwise but unvoiced. This sound is palatalised and pre-aspirated.  Note: use the blade of the tongue rather than the tip. [ʰtʲ] in full IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 287: / Loidhne 287: @@
 ==C sounds==
 [[File:consonants07.ogg|noicon|90px]]
-Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word.
+Broad c is the same as <c> in <can> at the beginning of a word. In full IPA, [kʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 298: / Loidhne 298: @@
 |}
-Like <c> in <cat> preceded by [x] otherwise.
+Like <c> in <cat> preceded by [x] otherwise. [xk] in pure IPA.
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 311: / Loidhne 311: @@
 Slender c is similar to the <c> in <cue> at the beginning of a word.
-This sound is very much like [k] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate).  It is a voiceless and aspirated, palatalised stop.
+This sound is very much like [k] only much more forward in your mouth (at your palate).  It is a voiceless and aspirated, palatalised stop. In full IPA, this would be [kʲʰ].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-
@@ Loidhne 389: / Loidhne 389: @@
 ==S sounds==
 [[File:consonants10.ogg|noicon|90px]]
-Broad ''s'' is a bit like ''s'' in ''sat'' but dental.
+Broad ''s'' is a bit like ''s'' in ''sat'' but dental. In pure IPA, [s̪].
 {| style="width: 40%;" border="0"
 |-