An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Diphthongs"

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(13 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 2 chleachdaiche eile nach eil 13 'gan sealltainn)
Loidhne 1: Loidhne 1:
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Diphthongs are sequences of two vowels joined together to act as one (long) vowel sequence.  There are approximately 9 diphthongs in Gaelic.  We can divide these into two classes: (A) those which are spelled using two vowels, and (B) those which are spelled using a combination of vowels and consonants.
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Diphthongs are sequences of two vowels joined together to act as one, long vowel sequence.  There are approximately 9 diphthongs in Gaelic.  We can divide these into two classes: (A) those which are spelled using two vowels, and (B) those which are spelled using a combination of vowels and consonants.
  
 
==Type A==
 
==Type A==
  
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[[File:diphthongs01.ogg|noicon|90px]]
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[[File:diphthongs01.mp3]]<br />
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{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
 
!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[iə] from <span style="color: #008000;">ia</span></strong>
 
!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[iə] from <span style="color: #008000;">ia</span></strong>
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 20: Loidhne 20:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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<br />
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{| style="width: 30%;" border="0"
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
 
!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[uə] from <span style="color: #008000;">ua</span></strong>
 
!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[uə] from <span style="color: #008000;">ua</span></strong>
 
|-
 
|-
Loidhne 39: Loidhne 39:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
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<br />
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ia] from <span style="color: #008000;">eu</span> Note: not all <span style="color: #008000;">eu</span> vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, e.g. Seumas where <span style="color: #008000;">eu</span> is pronounced as a long <span style="color: #008000;">é</span> [eː] sound</strong>
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|-
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| '''[biaL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''beul'''</span> || mouth
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|-
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| '''[kʲiad]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ceud'''</span> || hundred
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|-
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| '''[fiar]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''feur'''</span> || grass
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|-
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| '''[gʲiar]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''geur'''</span> || sharp
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|-
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|}
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<br />
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>Note: <span style="color: #008000;">eum</span> is usually pronounced as <span style="color: #008000;">é</span> [eː]</strong>
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|-
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| '''[Lʲeːm]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''leum'''</span> || jump!
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|-
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| '''[kʲeːm]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ceum'''</span> || step (n.)
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|-
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| '''[beːm]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''beum'''</span> || stroke
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|-
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|}
  
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==Type B==
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These diphthongs occur before <span style="color: #008000;">ll, nn, m</span> and also before the fricatives <span style="color: #008000;">bh, mh, gh, dh</span> in which case those fricatives are often silent.
  
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[[File:diphthongs02.mp3]]<br />
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eu  [ia]
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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pronounced like a long ì followed by a clear [a] sound. (Note: not all eu vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, e.g. Seumas where eu is pronounced as a long é [eː] sound).
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ai] from <span style="color: #008000;">ai</span></strong>
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beul b̊iaɫ̪
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|-
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ceud kʲiad̪̊
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| '''[kaiLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''caill'''</span> || lose!
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feur fiaɾ
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|-
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geur g̊ʲiaɾ
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| '''[saiLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''saill'''</span> || salt!
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|-
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| '''[kaiNʲdʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cainnt'''</span> || speech
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|-
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| '''[ɣaiv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhaibh'''</span> || to them
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|-
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| '''[taiʃə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''taibhse'''</span> || ghost
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|-
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|}
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<br />
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ei] from <span style="color: #008000;">ei</span></strong>
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|-
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| '''[ʃeiNʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''seinn'''</span> || sing!
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|-
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| '''[beiNʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''beinn'''</span> || mountain
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|-
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|}
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<br />
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The first part of the diphthong does not exist in English.  You can produce this sound by making an [o] and spreading your lips at the same time, as if you were grinning widely.
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ɤi] from <span style="color: #008000;">ei, ai, oi</span></strong>
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|-
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| '''[mɤiLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''moill'''</span> || delay (n.)
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|-
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| '''[kɤiLʲdʲən]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''coilltean'''</span> || forests
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|-
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| '''[sɤiLʲʃɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''soillsich'''</span> || enlighten!
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|-
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| '''[LɤiNʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''loinn'''</span> || elegance
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|-
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| '''[brɤim]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''broim'''</span> || fart (n.)
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|-
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| '''[grʲɤim]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''greim'''</span> || grip (n.)
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|-
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| '''[sɤidʲɛr]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''saighdear'''</span> || soldier
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|-
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| '''[mɤidʲan]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''maighdean'''</span> || maiden
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|-
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|}
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<br />
  
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Note: eum is usually pronounced as é [eː]
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Like the last diphthong, but the first part of this diphthong is like the unrounded form of [u].  Again, you can produce this sound by making an [u] and spreading your lips at the same time, as if you were grinning widely.  NB: Some dialects pronounce this sound like [ɤ].
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leum ʎeːm
 
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ceum kʲeːm
 
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beum b̊eːm
 
  
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Download dafhoghair02
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ɯi] from <span style="color: #008000;">ui, aoi</span></strong>
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|-
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| '''[krɯiNʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cruinn'''</span> || round
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|-
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| '''[drɯim]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''druim'''</span> || ridge
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|-
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| '''[sɯim]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''suim'''</span> || sum (n.)
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|-
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| '''[tɯiLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''tuill'''</span> || holes
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|-
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| '''[krɯiv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''craoibh'''</span> || tree (dative)
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|-
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| '''[Nɯiv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''naoimh'''</span> || saints
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|-
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| '''[Lɯij]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''laoigh'''</span> || calf (genitive)
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|-
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| '''[mrɯ͂ĩ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mnaoi'''</span> || wife (dative)
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|-
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|}
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<br />
  
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TYPE (B)
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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These diphthongs occur before ll, nn, m and also before the fricatives bh, mh, gh, dh (in which case the fricatives are often silent).
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[au] from <span style="color: #008000;">a, ea</span></strong>
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ai  [ai]
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|-
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similar to <y> in <my>
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| '''[kaum]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cam'''</span> || crooked
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caill kaiʎ
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|-
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saill saiʎ
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| '''[kauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''call'''</span> || loss
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cainnt kaiɲtʲ
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|-
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dhaibh ɣaiv
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| '''[bauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ball'''</span> || member
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taibhse t̪aivʃɪ
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|-
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| '''[ann]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ann'''</span> || in him
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|-
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| '''[RauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''rann'''</span> || verse
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|-
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| '''[bauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bann'''</span> || band
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|-
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| '''[Lãũmbə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''lampa'''</span> || lamp
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|-
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| '''[sãũrəɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''samhradh'''</span> || summer
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|-
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| '''[kʲauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ceann'''</span> || head
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|-
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| '''[pjauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''peann'''</span> || pen (n.)
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|-
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| '''[tʲauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''teann'''</span> || tight
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|-
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| '''[gʲauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''geall'''</span> || bet!
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|-
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| '''[gʲãũrəɣ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''geamhradh'''</span> || winter
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|-
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|}
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<br />
  
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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ei  [ei]
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | <strong>[ɔu] from <span style="color: #008000;">o</span></strong>
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like <ay> in <may>
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|-
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seinn ʃeiɲ
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| '''[tɔum]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''tom'''</span> || hillock
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beinn b̊eiɲ
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|-
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| '''[kɔum]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''com'''</span> || torso
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|-
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| '''[Lɔum]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''lom'''</span> || bare (adj.)
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|-
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| '''[dɔuN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''donn'''</span> || brown
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|-
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| '''[fɔuN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fonn'''</span> || melody
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|-
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| '''[bɔuN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bonn'''</span> || base
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|-
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| '''[sɔuN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sonn'''</span> || hero
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|-
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| '''[tɔuL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''toll'''</span> || hole
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|-
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| '''[pɔuL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''poll'''</span> || mud
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|-
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|}
  
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==Summary chart==
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oi/ei/ai  [ɤi]
 
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similar to <y> in <my> but the first part of the diphthong does not exist in English.  You can produce this sound by making an [o] and spreading your lips at the same time (as if you were grinning widely).
 
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moill mɤiʎ
 
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coilltean kɤiʎtʲən
 
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soillsich sɤiʎʃɪç
 
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loinn ɫ̪ɤiɲ
 
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broim b̊ɾɤim
 
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greim g̊ɾʲɤim
 
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saighdear sɤid̊ʲɛɾ
 
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maighdean
 
  
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mɤid̊ʲən
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{| style="width: 50%;" border="0"
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!colspan="3;" align="left" | Summary chart of Scottish Gaelic diphthongs:
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|-
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ui/aoi  [ɯi]
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| TYPE (A) || [iə] || <span style="color: #008000;">ia</span>
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like the last diphthong but the first part of the diphthong is like the unrounded form of [u].  Again, you can produce this sound by making an [u] and spreading your lips at the same time (as if you were grinning widely).  NB: Some dialects pronounce this sound like [ɤ]
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|-
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cruinn kɾɯiɲ
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| || [uə] || <span style="color: #008000;">ua</span>
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druim d̪̊ɾɯim
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|-
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suim sɯim
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| || [ia] || <span style="color: #008000;">eu</span>
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tuill t̪ɯiʎ
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|-
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craoibh kɾɯiv
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| TYPE (B) || [ai] || <span style="color: #008000;">aill, ainn, aibh</span>
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naoimh n̴̪ɯiv
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|-
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laoigh ɫ̪ɯj
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| || [ei] || <span style="color: #008000;">einn</span>
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mnaoi mɾɯ̃j
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|-
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| || [ɤi] || <span style="color: #008000;">oill, oinn, oim</span>
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|-
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a/ea  [au]
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| || [ɯi] || <span style="color: #008000;">uinn, uim, uill, aoi(bh/mh/gh)</span>
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Similar to <ow> in <how>
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|-
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cam kaum
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| || [au] || <span style="color: #008000;">(e)am, (e)ann, (e)all, (e)amh</span>
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call kauɫ̪
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|-
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ball b̊auɫ̪
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| || [ɔu] || <span style="color: #008000;">onn, om, oll</span>
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ann aun̴̪
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|-
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rann r̴aun̴̪
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|}
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bann b̊aun̴̪
 
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lampa ɫ̪aumpə
 
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samhradh sãũɾəɣ
 
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ceann kʲaun̴̪
 
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peann pjaun̴̪
 
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teann tʲaun̴̪
 
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geall g̊ʲauɫ̪
 
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geamhradh g̊ʲãũɾəɣ
 
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o  [ɔu]
 
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like <o> in Standard English <no>
 
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tom t̪ɔum
 
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com kɔum
 
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lom ɫ̪ɔum
 
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donn d̪̊ɔun̴̪
 
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fonn fɔun̴̪
 
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bonn b̊ɔun̴̪
 
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sonn sɔun̴̪
 
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toll t̪ɔuɫ̪
 
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poll pɔuɫ̪
 
  
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Summary chart of Scottish Gaelic diphthongs:
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<br />
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TYPE (A) iə ia
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<br />
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uə ua
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{{Fuaimean}}
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ia eu
 
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TYPE (B) ai aill, ainn, aibh
 
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ei einn
 
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ɤi oill, oinn, oim
 
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ɯi uinn, uim, uill, aoi(bh/mh/gh)
 
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au (e)am, (e)ann, (e)all, (e)amh
 
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ɔu onn, om, oll
 

Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 17:23, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016

Diphthongs are sequences of two vowels joined together to act as one, long vowel sequence. There are approximately 9 diphthongs in Gaelic. We can divide these into two classes: (A) those which are spelled using two vowels, and (B) those which are spelled using a combination of vowels and consonants.

Type A

Download

[iə] from ia
[iəR] iarr demand!
[kʲiəL] ciall sense (n.)
[Lʲiə] liath grey (adj.)
[biəɣ] biadh food
[fiəɣ] fiadh deer
[iəRɪ] iarraidh wanting


[uə] from ua
[fuər] fuar cold
[guəL] gual coal
[kLuəs] cluas ear
[sguəb] sguab brush!
[tuəɣ] tuagh axe (n.)
[duəʃ] duais prize
[buəj] buaidh impact (n.)


[ia] from eu Note: not all eu vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, e.g. Seumas where eu is pronounced as a long é [eː] sound
[biaL] beul mouth
[kʲiad] ceud hundred
[fiar] feur grass
[gʲiar] geur sharp


Note: eum is usually pronounced as é [eː]
[Lʲeːm] leum jump!
[kʲeːm] ceum step (n.)
[beːm] beum stroke

Type B

These diphthongs occur before ll, nn, m and also before the fricatives bh, mh, gh, dh in which case those fricatives are often silent.

Download

[ai] from ai
[kaiLʲ] caill lose!
[saiLʲ] saill salt!
[kaiNʲdʲ] cainnt speech
[ɣaiv] dhaibh to them
[taiʃə] taibhse ghost


[ei] from ei
[ʃeiNʲ] seinn sing!
[beiNʲ] beinn mountain


The first part of the diphthong does not exist in English. You can produce this sound by making an [o] and spreading your lips at the same time, as if you were grinning widely.

[ɤi] from ei, ai, oi
[mɤiLʲ] moill delay (n.)
[kɤiLʲdʲən] coilltean forests
[sɤiLʲʃɪç] soillsich enlighten!
[LɤiNʲ] loinn elegance
[brɤim] broim fart (n.)
[grʲɤim] greim grip (n.)
[sɤidʲɛr] saighdear soldier
[mɤidʲan] maighdean maiden


Like the last diphthong, but the first part of this diphthong is like the unrounded form of [u]. Again, you can produce this sound by making an [u] and spreading your lips at the same time, as if you were grinning widely. NB: Some dialects pronounce this sound like [ɤ].

[ɯi] from ui, aoi
[krɯiNʲ] cruinn round
[drɯim] druim ridge
[sɯim] suim sum (n.)
[tɯiLʲ] tuill holes
[krɯiv] craoibh tree (dative)
[Nɯiv] naoimh saints
[Lɯij] laoigh calf (genitive)
[mrɯ͂ĩ] mnaoi wife (dative)


[au] from a, ea
[kaum] cam crooked
[kauL] call loss
[bauL] ball member
[ann] ann in him
[RauN] rann verse
[bauN] bann band
[Lãũmbə] lampa lamp
[sãũrəɣ] samhradh summer
[kʲauN] ceann head
[pjauN] peann pen (n.)
[tʲauN] teann tight
[gʲauL] geall bet!
[gʲãũrəɣ] geamhradh winter


[ɔu] from o
[tɔum] tom hillock
[kɔum] com torso
[Lɔum] lom bare (adj.)
[dɔuN] donn brown
[fɔuN] fonn melody
[bɔuN] bonn base
[sɔuN] sonn hero
[tɔuL] toll hole
[pɔuL] poll mud

Summary chart

Summary chart of Scottish Gaelic diphthongs:
TYPE (A) [iə] ia
[uə] ua
[ia] eu
TYPE (B) [ai] aill, ainn, aibh
[ei] einn
[ɤi] oill, oinn, oim
[ɯi] uinn, uim, uill, aoi(bh/mh/gh)
[au] (e)am, (e)ann, (e)all, (e)amh
[ɔu] onn, om, oll



Fuaimean na Gàidhlig
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜
᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜


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