An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Fricatives"
(13 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 3 cleachdaichean eile nach eil 13 'gan sealltainn) | |||
Loidhne 1: | Loidhne 1: | ||
− | In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th | + | In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh. In Gaelic, the letter <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is used far more systematically in this way than in English. It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English. In Gaelic, when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to the consonants (<span style="color: #008000;">b m c d g p t s</span>), we call the resultant sound a fricative. Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives. Only the following 9 consonants may have <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence): |
==Broad== | ==Broad== | ||
− | [[File:fricatives01. | + | [[File:fricatives01.mp3]]<br /> |
− | {| style="width: | + | {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" |
|- | |- | ||
| b → bh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vaː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bha'''</span> || was | | b → bh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vaː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bha'''</span> || was | ||
Loidhne 17: | Loidhne 17: | ||
| || || || '''[av]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''amh'''</span> || raw | | || || || '''[av]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''amh'''</span> || raw | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | c → ch || [ | + | | c → ch || [x] || Same as Scottish English ''loch'' || '''[Lɔx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''loch'''</span> || loch (lake) |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[xaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chaidh'''</span> || went | | || || || '''[xaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chaidh'''</span> || went | ||
Loidhne 23: | Loidhne 23: | ||
| || || || '''[saLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''salach'''</span> || dirty | | || || || '''[saLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''salach'''</span> || dirty | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | d → dh || [ɣ] || | + | | d → dh || [ɣ] || || '''[ɣaːg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dh'fhàg'''</span> || left |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[ɣɔ͂]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhomh'''</span> || to me | | || || || '''[ɣɔ͂]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhomh'''</span> || to me | ||
Loidhne 57: | Loidhne 57: | ||
| s → sh || [h] || Same as English h || '''[hɔn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shon'''</span> || sake | | s → sh || [h] || Same as English h || '''[hɔn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shon'''</span> || sake | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || || || '''[ | + | | || || || '''[hɯj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shuidh'''</span> || sat |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[had]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shad'''</span> || thrust (v.) | | || || || '''[had]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shad'''</span> || thrust (v.) | ||
Loidhne 70: | Loidhne 70: | ||
==Slender== | ==Slender== | ||
− | [[File:fricatives02. | + | [[File:fricatives02.mp3]]<br /> |
− | b → bh | + | {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" |
− | m → mh | + | |- |
− | c → ch | + | | b → bh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[vel]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bheil'''</span> || form of <span style="color: #008000;">tha</span> |
− | d → dh | + | |- |
− | g → | + | | || || || '''[leiv]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''leibh'''</span> || with youse |
− | p → ph | + | |- |
− | t → th | + | | || || || '''[vile]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bhile'''</span> || lip |
− | s → sh | + | |- |
− | f → fh | + | | || [vj] || || '''[vjɔː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''bheò'''</span> || alive |
− | + | |- | |
− | NOTE: There is a small number of words with fh which are pronounced as h: fhéin | + | | m → mh || [v] || Same as English v || '''[viː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhi'''</span> || I |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[viːLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mhill'''</span> || damaged | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [vj] || || '''[vjauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''mheall'''</span> || deceived (v.) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | c → ch || [ç] || || '''[çiː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chì'''</span> || will see | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[façə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''faiche'''</span> || meadow | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[çaNɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cheannaich'''</span> || bought | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | d → dh || [ʝ] || || '''[ʝes]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dheas'''</span> || south | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[ʝu]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhiubh'''</span> || of them | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[ʝaLɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhealaich'''</span> || separated (v.) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [j] || Same as English y || '''[sɯj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''suidh'''</span> || sit! | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[sgaLpaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''Sgalpaigh'''</span> || Scalpay | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | g → gh || [ʝ] || || '''[ʝaL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''gheal'''</span> || white | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[ʝiLʲə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ghille'''</span> || boy | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[ʝaLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ghealach'''</span> || moon | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [j] || Same as English y || '''[Laj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''laigh'''</span> || laid (v.) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | p → ph || [f] || Same as English f || '''[fiːs]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phìos'''</span> || piece | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [fj] || || '''[fju.ər]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''phiuthar'''</span> || sister | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[fjauN]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''pheann'''</span> || pen | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | t → th || [h] || Same as English h || '''[higʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''thig'''</span> || will come | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[hiːLʲ]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''thill'''</span> || returned | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [ç] || || '''[içə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''ithe'''</span> || eating | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[feːç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''féith'''</span> || muscle | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | s → sh || [h] || Same as English h || '''[hiːn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''shìn'''</span> || stretched (v.) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [ç] || || '''[çauL]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sheall'''</span> || showed | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || [h] || || '''[heinn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''sheinn'''</span> || sang | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | f → fh || || Silent || '''[ɛr]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhear'''</span> || man | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | || || || '''[is]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhios'''</span> || his knowledge | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <br /> | ||
+ | NOTE: There is a small number of words with <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> which are pronounced as [h]: | ||
+ | {| style="width: 50%;" border="0" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''[heːn]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhéin'''</span> || self | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''[haLə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhalbh'''</span> || leave! | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | '''[ha.əsd]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''fhathast'''</span> || yet | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
{{Fuaimean}} | {{Fuaimean}} |
Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 17:20, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016
In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh. In Gaelic, the letter h is used far more systematically in this way than in English. It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when h is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English. In Gaelic, when h is added to the consonants (b m c d g p t s), we call the resultant sound a fricative. Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives. Only the following 9 consonants may have h written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence):
Broad
b → bh | [v] | Same as English v | [vaː] | bha | was |
[vɔ] | bho | from | |||
[faLav] | falbh | leave! | |||
m → mh | [v] | Same as English v | [vaːhɪrʲ] | mhàthair | mother |
[voːr] | mhór | big | |||
[av] | amh | raw | |||
c → ch | [x] | Same as Scottish English loch | [Lɔx] | loch | loch (lake) |
[xaj] | chaidh | went | |||
[saLəx] | salach | dirty | |||
d → dh | [ɣ] | [ɣaːg] | dh'fhàg | left | |
[ɣɔ͂] | dhomh | to me | |||
[kLɤɣ] | cladh | ditch (n.) | |||
[ʃɤɣ] | seadh | yes | |||
[buəLəɣ] | bualadh | hitting | |||
g → gh | [ɣ] | [ɣuNʲ] | ghuin | stung (v.) | |
[ɣaːlɪgʲ] | Ghàidhlig | Gaelic | |||
[ɤɣ] | agh | heifer | |||
[Lɤɣ] | lagh | law | |||
p → ph | [f] | Same as English f | [fɔːs] | phòs | married (v.) |
[fɔuL] | pholl | mud | |||
[faːʃdʲə] | phàiste | child | |||
t → th | [h] | Same as English h | [ha] | tha | is |
[mah] | math | good | |||
[maːhɪrʲ] | màthair | mother | |||
[ahɪrʲ] | athair | father | |||
s → sh | [h] | Same as English h | [hɔn] | shon | sake |
[hɯj] | shuidh | sat | |||
[had] | shad | thrust (v.) | |||
f → fh | [v] | Silent | [haLd] | fhalt | his hair |
[ul] | fhuil | his blood | |||
[oːn] | fhón | his phone |
Slender
b → bh | [v] | Same as English v | [vel] | bheil | form of tha |
[leiv] | leibh | with youse | |||
[vile] | bhile | lip | |||
[vj] | [vjɔː] | bheò | alive | ||
m → mh | [v] | Same as English v | [viː] | mhi | I |
[viːLʲ] | mhill | damaged | |||
[vj] | [vjauL] | mheall | deceived (v.) | ||
c → ch | [ç] | [çiː] | chì | will see | |
[façə] | faiche | meadow | |||
[çaNɪç] | cheannaich | bought | |||
d → dh | [ʝ] | [ʝes] | dheas | south | |
[ʝu] | dhiubh | of them | |||
[ʝaLɪç] | dhealaich | separated (v.) | |||
[j] | Same as English y | [sɯj] | suidh | sit! | |
[sgaLpaj] | Sgalpaigh | Scalpay | |||
g → gh | [ʝ] | [ʝaL] | gheal | white | |
[ʝiLʲə] | ghille | boy | |||
[ʝaLəx] | ghealach | moon | |||
[j] | Same as English y | [Laj] | laigh | laid (v.) | |
p → ph | [f] | Same as English f | [fiːs] | phìos | piece |
[fj] | [fju.ər] | phiuthar | sister | ||
[fjauN] | pheann | pen | |||
t → th | [h] | Same as English h | [higʲ] | thig | will come |
[hiːLʲ] | thill | returned | |||
[ç] | [içə] | ithe | eating | ||
[feːç] | féith | muscle | |||
s → sh | [h] | Same as English h | [hiːn] | shìn | stretched (v.) |
[ç] | [çauL] | sheall | showed | ||
[h] | [heinn] | sheinn | sang | ||
f → fh | Silent | [ɛr] | fhear | man | |
[is] | fhios | his knowledge |
NOTE: There is a small number of words with fh which are pronounced as [h]:
[heːn] | fhéin | self |
[haLə] | fhalbh | leave! |
[ha.əsd] | fhathast | yet |
Fuaimean na Gàidhlig | ||||||||||||
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜ ᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜ |