An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Fricatives"
(9 mùthaidhean eadar-mheadhanach le 3 cleachdaichean eile nach eil 9 'gan sealltainn) | |||
Loidhne 1: | Loidhne 1: | ||
− | In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th | + | In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh. In Gaelic, the letter <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is used far more systematically in this way than in English. It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English. In Gaelic, when <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> is added to the consonants (<span style="color: #008000;">b m c d g p t s</span>), we call the resultant sound a fricative. Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives. Only the following 9 consonants may have <span style="color: #008000;">h</span> written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence): |
==Broad== | ==Broad== | ||
− | [[File:fricatives01. | + | [[File:fricatives01.mp3]]<br /> |
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|- | |- | ||
Loidhne 17: | Loidhne 17: | ||
| || || || '''[av]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''amh'''</span> || raw | | || || || '''[av]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''amh'''</span> || raw | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | c → ch || [ | + | | c → ch || [x] || Same as Scottish English ''loch'' || '''[Lɔx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''loch'''</span> || loch (lake) |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[xaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chaidh'''</span> || went | | || || || '''[xaj]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chaidh'''</span> || went | ||
Loidhne 23: | Loidhne 23: | ||
| || || || '''[saLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''salach'''</span> || dirty | | || || || '''[saLəx]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''salach'''</span> || dirty | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | d → dh || [ɣ] || | + | | d → dh || [ɣ] || || '''[ɣaːg]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dh'fhàg'''</span> || left |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[ɣɔ͂]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhomh'''</span> || to me | | || || || '''[ɣɔ͂]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''dhomh'''</span> || to me | ||
Loidhne 70: | Loidhne 70: | ||
==Slender== | ==Slender== | ||
− | [[File:fricatives02. | + | [[File:fricatives02.mp3]]<br /> |
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|- | |- | ||
Loidhne 89: | Loidhne 89: | ||
| c → ch || [ç] || || '''[çiː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chì'''</span> || will see | | c → ch || [ç] || || '''[çiː]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''chì'''</span> || will see | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || || || '''[façə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''faiche'''</span> || | + | | || || || '''[façə]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''faiche'''</span> || meadow |
|- | |- | ||
| || || || '''[çaNɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cheannaich'''</span> || bought | | || || || '''[çaNɪç]''' || <span style="color: #008000;">'''cheannaich'''</span> || bought | ||
Loidhne 136: | Loidhne 136: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | + | <br /> | |
NOTE: There is a small number of words with <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> which are pronounced as [h]: | NOTE: There is a small number of words with <span style="color: #008000;">fh</span> which are pronounced as [h]: | ||
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Am mùthadh mu dheireadh on 17:20, 16 dhen Fhaoilleach 2016
In English when we write h after t, d, c, g, p, s, w, we form new sounds th, ch, gh, ph, sh, wh. In Gaelic, the letter h is used far more systematically in this way than in English. It's is important to note, in Gaelic, that with the single exception of ph [f], when h is added to a consonant, the resulting consonant is never pronounced as in English. In Gaelic, when h is added to the consonants (b m c d g p t s), we call the resultant sound a fricative. Once again we must distinguish between broad and slender fricatives. Only the following 9 consonants may have h written after them. Recognize that the translations of these cases are often approximate because the effect of lenition is sometimes difficult to translate outside a full sentence):
Broad
b → bh | [v] | Same as English v | [vaː] | bha | was |
[vɔ] | bho | from | |||
[faLav] | falbh | leave! | |||
m → mh | [v] | Same as English v | [vaːhɪrʲ] | mhàthair | mother |
[voːr] | mhór | big | |||
[av] | amh | raw | |||
c → ch | [x] | Same as Scottish English loch | [Lɔx] | loch | loch (lake) |
[xaj] | chaidh | went | |||
[saLəx] | salach | dirty | |||
d → dh | [ɣ] | [ɣaːg] | dh'fhàg | left | |
[ɣɔ͂] | dhomh | to me | |||
[kLɤɣ] | cladh | ditch (n.) | |||
[ʃɤɣ] | seadh | yes | |||
[buəLəɣ] | bualadh | hitting | |||
g → gh | [ɣ] | [ɣuNʲ] | ghuin | stung (v.) | |
[ɣaːlɪgʲ] | Ghàidhlig | Gaelic | |||
[ɤɣ] | agh | heifer | |||
[Lɤɣ] | lagh | law | |||
p → ph | [f] | Same as English f | [fɔːs] | phòs | married (v.) |
[fɔuL] | pholl | mud | |||
[faːʃdʲə] | phàiste | child | |||
t → th | [h] | Same as English h | [ha] | tha | is |
[mah] | math | good | |||
[maːhɪrʲ] | màthair | mother | |||
[ahɪrʲ] | athair | father | |||
s → sh | [h] | Same as English h | [hɔn] | shon | sake |
[hɯj] | shuidh | sat | |||
[had] | shad | thrust (v.) | |||
f → fh | [v] | Silent | [haLd] | fhalt | his hair |
[ul] | fhuil | his blood | |||
[oːn] | fhón | his phone |
Slender
b → bh | [v] | Same as English v | [vel] | bheil | form of tha |
[leiv] | leibh | with youse | |||
[vile] | bhile | lip | |||
[vj] | [vjɔː] | bheò | alive | ||
m → mh | [v] | Same as English v | [viː] | mhi | I |
[viːLʲ] | mhill | damaged | |||
[vj] | [vjauL] | mheall | deceived (v.) | ||
c → ch | [ç] | [çiː] | chì | will see | |
[façə] | faiche | meadow | |||
[çaNɪç] | cheannaich | bought | |||
d → dh | [ʝ] | [ʝes] | dheas | south | |
[ʝu] | dhiubh | of them | |||
[ʝaLɪç] | dhealaich | separated (v.) | |||
[j] | Same as English y | [sɯj] | suidh | sit! | |
[sgaLpaj] | Sgalpaigh | Scalpay | |||
g → gh | [ʝ] | [ʝaL] | gheal | white | |
[ʝiLʲə] | ghille | boy | |||
[ʝaLəx] | ghealach | moon | |||
[j] | Same as English y | [Laj] | laigh | laid (v.) | |
p → ph | [f] | Same as English f | [fiːs] | phìos | piece |
[fj] | [fju.ər] | phiuthar | sister | ||
[fjauN] | pheann | pen | |||
t → th | [h] | Same as English h | [higʲ] | thig | will come |
[hiːLʲ] | thill | returned | |||
[ç] | [içə] | ithe | eating | ||
[feːç] | féith | muscle | |||
s → sh | [h] | Same as English h | [hiːn] | shìn | stretched (v.) |
[ç] | [çauL] | sheall | showed | ||
[h] | [heinn] | sheinn | sang | ||
f → fh | Silent | [ɛr] | fhear | man | |
[is] | fhios | his knowledge |
NOTE: There is a small number of words with fh which are pronounced as [h]:
[heːn] | fhéin | self |
[haLə] | fhalbh | leave! |
[ha.əsd] | fhathast | yet |
Fuaimean na Gàidhlig | ||||||||||||
᚛ Vowels - Consonants - Fricatives - Slenderisation - Pre-aspiration - Lenition - Helping vowel - Diphthongs ᚜ ᚛ Hiatus - l n r - rt & rd - Vowels before rr ll nn - Unstressed vowels ᚜ |