Seall an tùs aig PPP - Pronouns, prepositions and their pronunciation

In this section we'll try to give you a fairly comprehensive overview of the Gaelic prepositions - including some of the more obscure issues and a fresh view on some old friends.

But before we start, a quick anecdote about rules in language.

Linguists will tell you that some languages are PRO-drop languages and some are not.  PRO stands for 'pronoun' and PRO-drop means that in some languages you're permitted to drop the pronoun in a sentence. Generally, this is allowed because the verb alone already marks the grammatical person (i.e. you, me, he, they etc.).  Spanish is a PRO-drop language in which you can either say yo tengo una cebra or tengo una cebra and both mean "I have a zebra."  On the other hand, linguists will tell you that English is not a PRO-drop language, never ever, ever.  Or is it?  This morning, I asked my partner a question: "have you ever used the word "prune" as an insult?" The answer came straight back: "might have done". Can YOU see a pronoun anywhere?  I can't.  Anyway, this isn't a blog, but I thought I'd remind us all that languages are unruly things. While there are rules that you can learn and follow, they rarely apply in 100% of cases.  Still, 99% isn't bad either, is it?

For the most part, they're arranged in groups according to their first element, for example, for mu choinneimh, look under mu.

How to remember them? Wellll... I get asked that a lot. [[Prepositions made easier|I've tried]] but it may not be everyone's cup of sùgh an eòrna - but just in case.

==<span style="color: #008000;">À</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">à</span> || [a] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">às an</span> || [as əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">asam</span> || [asəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">asad</span> || [asəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">às</span> || [as]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aiste</span> || [aʃdʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">asainn</span> || [asɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">asaibh</span> || [asɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">asta</span> || [asdə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Aig</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aig</span> || [ɛgʲ] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aig an</span> || [ɛgʲ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">agam</span> || [agəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">agad</span> || [agəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aige</span> || [ɛgʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aice</span> || [ɛçgʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">againn</span> || [agɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">agaibh</span> || [agɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">aca</span> || [axgə]
|-
|}

<span style="color: #008000;">Aig</span> + possessive pronoun
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'gam</span> || [gam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'gad</span> || [gəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'ga</span> || [ga]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'ga (h-)</span> || [ga (h)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'gar (n-)</span> || [gar (n)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'gur (n-)</span> || [gar (n)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'gan</span> || [gan]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Air</span>==
More about [[I need air|air]]
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">air</span> || [ɛrʲ] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">air an</span> || [ɛrʲ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">orm</span> || [ɔrɔm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ort</span> || [ɔRʃd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">air</span> || [ɛrʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">oirre</span> || [ɔRə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">oirnn</span> || [ɔːRNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">oirbh</span> || [ɔrʲɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">orra</span> || [ɔRə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Ann an</span>==
[[Preposition-annan|More about ''ann an'']]
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ann an</span> || [ãũN əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">anns an</span> || [ãũNs əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">annam</span> || [ũNəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">annad</span> || [ũNəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ann</span> || [ãũN]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">innte</span> || [ĩːNʲdʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">annainn</span> || [aNɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">annaibh</span> || [aNɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">annta</span> || [ãũNdə]
|-
|}

<span style="color: #008000;">Ann an</span> + possessive pronoun
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
| <span style="color: #008000;">'nam</span> || [nam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'nad</span> || [nad]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'na</span> || [na]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'na (h-)</span> || [na (h)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'nar (n-)</span> || [nar (n)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'nur (n-)</span> || [nar (n)]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">'nan</span> || [nan]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">De</span>==
[[DE ⁊ A|More about ''de'']]
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">de</span> || [də] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhen / dhen an</span> || [ʝɛN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [ʝɛnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhìom</span> || [ʝĩə̃m]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhìot</span> || [ʝied]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dheth</span> || [ʝe]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhith</span> || [ʝi]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhinn</span> || [ʝĩNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhibh</span> || [ʝiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhiubh</span> || [ʝu]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Do</span>==
{| style="width: 20%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">do</span> || [də] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhan / dhan an</span> || [ɣaN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>], [ɣanəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhomh</span> || [ɣɔ̃]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhut</span> || [ɣuhd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dha</span> || [ɣa]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhi</span> || [ʝi]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhuinn</span> || [ɣɯ̃ĩNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhuibh</span> || [ɣɯiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">dhaibh</span> || [ɣaiv]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Eadar</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">eadar</span> || [edər] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">eadar an</span> || [edər əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">eadarainn</span> || [edərɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">eadaraibh</span> || [edərɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">eatarra</span> || [ehdəRə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Fo</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fo</span> || [fɔ] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fon / fon an</span> || [fɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [fɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodham</span> || [fo.əm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodhad</span> || [fo.əd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodha</span> || [fo.ə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">foidhpe</span> || [foihbə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodhainn</span> || [fo.ɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodhaibh</span> || [fo.ɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">fodhpa</span> || [fohbə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Gu</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">gu</span> || [gu] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">gun<br />chun an</span> || [gunəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]<br />[xunəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thugam</span> || [hugəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thugad</span> || [hugəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thuige</span> || [hɯgʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thuice</span> || [hɯçgʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thugainn</span> || [hugɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thugaibh</span> || [hugɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thuca</span> || [huxgə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Le</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">le</span> || [le] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leis an</span> || [leʃ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leam</span> || [ləm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leat</span> || [lahd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leis</span> || [leʃ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leatha</span> || [le.ə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leinn</span> || [lẽĩNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leibh</span> || [leiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">leotha</span> || [lo.ə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Mu</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mu</span> || [mə] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mun / mun an</span> || [muN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [munəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">umam</span> || [ũməm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">umad</span> || [ũməd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uime</span> || [ɯ̃imə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uimpe</span> || [ɯ̃imbə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">umainn</span> || [ũmɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">umaibh</span> || [ũmɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">umpa</span> || [ũːmbə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">O</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">o</span> || [ɔ] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">on / on an</span> || [ɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [ɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uam</span> || [uəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uat</span> || [uəhd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uaidhe</span> || [uajə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uaipe</span> || [uəihbə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uainn</span> || [ũə̃ĩNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uaibh</span> || [uəiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">uapa</span> || [uəhbə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Ri</span>==
[[Ri|More about ''ri'']]
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ri</span> || [rʲi] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ris an</span> || [rʲiʃ əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">rium</span> || [rʲum]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">riut</span> || [rʲuʰd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ris</span> || [rʲiʃ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">rithe</span> || [rʲi.ə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">r(u)inn</span> || [rɯ̃ĩNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">r(u)ibh</span> || [rɯiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">riutha</span> || [ru.ə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Tro</span>==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tro</span> || [trɔ] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tron / tron an</span> || [trɔN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>] / [trɔnəN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tromham</span> || [trɔ.əm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tromhad</span> || [trɔ.əd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">troimhe</span> || [trɔjə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">troimhpe</span> || [trɔihbə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tromhainn</span> || [trɔ.ɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tromhaibh</span> || [trɔ.ɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tromhpa</span> || [trɔ̃hbə]
|-
|}

==<span style="color: #008000;">Thar</span>==

{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thar</span> || [har] 
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thar an</span> || [har əN<sup>(ʲ)</sup>]
|-
|
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tharam</span> || [harəm]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tharad</span> || [harəd]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thairis air</span> || [harʲɪʃ ɛrʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thairte</span> || [haRʃdʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tharainn</span> || [harɪNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tharaibh</span> || [harɪv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">tharta</span> || [haRʃdə]
|-
|}

==Personal pronouns==

{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mi</span> || [mĩː] || [mi]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thu<br />tu</span> || [uː]<br />[duː] || [u]<br />[du]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">e</span> || [ɛː] || [ə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">i</span> || [iː] || [i]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">sinn</span> || [ʃiːNʲ] || [ʃiNʲ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">sibh</span> || [ʃiːv] || [ʃiv]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">iad</span> || [iəd] || [əd]
|-
|}

==Personal pronouns with emphatic suffixes==

{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mise</span> || [mĩʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">thusa<br />tusa</span> || [usə]<br />[dusə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">esan</span> || [ɛsən]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ise</span> || [iʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">sinne</span> || [ʃiNʲə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">sibhse</span> || [ʃiːvʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">iadsan</span> || [iədsən]
|-
|}

==Possessive pronoun==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mo chù</span> || [mə'xuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">do chù</span> || [də'xuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a chù</span> || [ə'xuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a cù</span> || [ə'kuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ar cù</span> || [ər'kuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ur cù</span> || [ər'kuː]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">an cù</span> || [əŋ'kuː]
|-
|}

==Possessive pronoun with emphatic suffixes==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">mo chù-sa</span> || [mə'xuːsə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">do chù-sa</span> || [də'xuːsə ]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a chù-san</span> || [ə'xuːsən]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a cù-se</span> || [ə'kuːʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ar cù-ne</span> || [ər'kuːnə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ur cù-se</span> || [ər'kuːʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">an cù-san</span> || [ən'kuːsən]
|-
|}

==Possessive pronoun with initial vowel==
{| style="width: 15%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">m' anam</span> || [manam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">d' anam</span> || [danam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">anam</span> || [anam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a h-anam</span> || [ə'hanam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ar n-anam</span> || [ər'nanam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ur n-anam</span> || [ər'nanam]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">an anam</span> || [ə'nanam]
|-
|}

==Possessive pronoun with initial vowel and emphatic suffixes==
{| style="width: 20%;" border="0"
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">m' anam-sa</span> || [manamsə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">d' anam-sa</span> || [danamsə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">anam-san</span> || [anamsən]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">a h-anam-se</span> || [ə'hanamʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ar n-anam-ne</span> || [ər'nanamnə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">ur n-anam-se</span> || [ər'nanamʃə]
|-
| <span style="color: #008000;">an anam-san</span> || [ə'nanamsən]
|-
|}

<br />
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{{BeaganGramair}}